1. What is Conductivity and Resistivity?

Conductivity (σ) measures a material's ability to conduct electric current, while resistivity (ρ) measures its opposition to current flow. They are inversely related fundamental properties in electrical engineering and materials science.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the fundamental relationship:

Where:

• \( \rho \) — Resistivity (Ω·m)
• \( \sigma \) — Conductivity (S/m)

Explanation: This inverse relationship means materials with high conductivity have low resistivity, and vice versa. The formula applies to all conductive materials.

3. Importance of Resistivity Calculation

Details: Resistivity calculation is essential for material selection in electrical applications, designing circuits, calculating power losses, and understanding material properties for various engineering applications.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter conductivity value in Siemens per meter (S/m). The value must be greater than zero. The calculator will automatically compute the corresponding resistivity in Ohm-meters (Ω·m).

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What are typical conductivity values for common materials?
A: Silver: ~6.3×10⁷ S/m, Copper: ~5.96×10⁷ S/m, Aluminum: ~3.5×10⁷ S/m, Iron: ~1.0×10⁷ S/m.

Q2: How does temperature affect conductivity and resistivity?
A: For most metals, conductivity decreases (resistivity increases) with rising temperature due to increased electron scattering.

Q3: What is the difference between resistance and resistivity?
A: Resistance depends on material and geometry, while resistivity is an intrinsic property independent of sample dimensions.

Q4: Can this calculator be used for semiconductors?
A: Yes, but semiconductor conductivity varies significantly with temperature and doping concentration.

Q5: What are the SI units for conductivity and resistivity?
A: Conductivity: Siemens per meter (S/m), Resistivity: Ohm-meter (Ω·m).